This episode of Future Perfect | Futur Antérieur, co-hosted by African Futures Lab Director Liliane Umubyeyi and Program Assistant Helene Himmer, features a compelling discussion with Chenai Mukumba, Executive Director of Tax Justice Network Africa, on the urgent need to fund climate reparations.

Mukumba unpacks the enduring economic impacts of colonialism, which have left African nations dependent on extractive industries and disadvantaged in global value chains. The current international financial structure, led by institutions like the IMF and World Bank, she explains, reinforces this dependency and lacks the democratic accountability needed to support meaningful economic reform.

The conversation explores tax justice as a pathway for financing climate reparations. Mukumba details how African countries lose substantial revenue to tax evasion and corporate abuses, proposing that taxes on wealthy individuals, corporations, and fossil fuel industries could provide crucial resources for climate adaptation. Advocating for a democratized global tax framework under the United Nations, Mukumba argues that this shift would better serve Global South nations compared to the OECD-led model, which tends to prioritize wealthier nations’ interests.

Chenai Mukumba is the Executive Director at the Tax Justice Network Africa (TJNA). She is based in Nairobi, Kenya and overall provides strategic leadership and direction to deliver on TJNA’s mission and vision in its various thematic areas. Chenai has a master’s in International Relations from Wits University, Johannesburg, and is currently pursuing a master's in Taxation at the University of Oxford.

Tax Justice Network Africa (TJNA) is a research and advocacy organisation with a robust network of civil society organisations with the united effort of leading tax justice voices across the continent. Through its Nairobi Secretariat, TJNA collaborates closely with its member civil society organisations to curb illicit financial flows (IFFs) and promote progressive taxation systems. In partnership and collaboration with other regional economic governance institutions, TJNA advocates for tax policies with pro-poor outcomes and tax systems that curb public resource leakages and enhance domestic resource mobilisation. TJNA’s vision is to see a new Africa where tax justice prevails and ensures equitable, inclusive, and sustainable development.

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This episode of Future Perfect | Futur Antérieur is co-hosted by Patrick Toussaint, an international environmental lawyer, and Helene Himmer, Program Assistant at African Futures Lab. Both welcomed the special guest Adrián Martinez Blanco, Director of La Ruta del Clima. The discussion finds roots in a recent case about the ongoing struggle of communities in Côte d'Ivoire against the Belgian multinational SIAT over allegations of land grabbing, deforestation and human rights violations related to its palm oil and rubber plantations. Martinez Blanco emphasizes the concept of "loss and damage," criticizing the newly established loss and damage fund for its lack of adequate support from developed countries. He also critiques Paragraph 51 of the Paris Agreement, which allows industrialized nations to evade accountability for climate-related harms, complicating efforts to secure reparations and address the realities of vulnerable communities.

The conversation highlights the urgent need for a robust international legal framework to effectively address climate change and protect affected communities. Martinez Blanco stresses the importance of climate litigation as a tool for holding Global North states and corporations accountable for perpetrating environmental crimes and damages. He calls for unity amongst Global South countries to adopt a rights-based position in negotiations, focusing on specific reparations rather than diluting the conversation into broader concepts. Despite challenges such as limited resources, risks and threats faced by environmental defenders, Martinez Blanco advocates for pragmatic approaches rooted in human rights to address climate change impacts, underscoring that the lived experiences of affected communities should be central to climate justice negotiations.

Adrián Martinez Blanco, MA, is the Director of La Ruta del Clima, a Costa Rican NGO that promotes public participation in climate and environmental decision-making and has been an observer, advocating at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate summits since 2014. Adrián’s research areas include climate impacts, loss and damage, human rights, public participation and international climate law. He is a current PhD candidate at the University of Eastern Finland and holds a Master's degree in Environment, Development and Peace with a speciality in climate public policies.

Patrick is an international lawyer, policy analyst, and researcher with over eight years of experience in international environmental law and policy. He specializes in critical areas such as climate change, biodiversity, and air pollution. In addition to his legal expertise, Patrick excels as a communicator and facilitator, demonstrating a strong commitment to promoting diversity, mediation, and conflict resolution in his work.

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In this podcast episode, Hélène Himmer and Brigette Perenyi, storytelling manager at Reform Initiative host a discussion with Ineza Umuhoza Grace, CEO of the Green Protector and Co. and founder of the Loss and Damage Youth Coalition, about the need for climate reparations and the challenges faced by the Global South, particularly Africa, which bears the brunt of climate impacts despite contributing minimally to global emissions. This episode explores how youth activism is driving the climate justice and reparations movement, with a focus on amplifying the voices of vulnerable groups like women and indigenous communities in Africa. Ineza emphasizes the need for these frontline communities to tell their own stories, rather than having international media impose narratives, ensuring their stories are heard and effective solutions are pursued. Furthermore, this episode advocates for unity among African nations to amplify their voices in global climate negotiations and address the tokenization of women, youth, and marginalized groups in international forums. Ultimately, the podcast calls for an inclusive, justice-driven approach to climate action that centers the voices and needs of those most affected by the crisis.

Ineza Umuhoza Grace is a passionate eco-feminist, climate activist, and environmentalist from Kigali, Rwanda. She is the CEO and Founder of The Green Protector, co-ordinator and co-founder of the Loss and Damage Youth Coalition, and a Research Assistant for the CCLAD project, which stands for The Politics of Climate Change Loss and Damage. In 2023, Ineza was awarded the Global Citizen Prize for her remarkable contributions to climate advocacy.

Ineza holds a bachelor’s degree in water and environmental engineering from the University of Rwanda. Her research focuses on Loss and Damage responses in developing countries. She is interested in working to find gaps that can be turned into an opportunity area to ensure sustainable development for the global community. She also aims to support the sharing of community voices through blogging, storytelling and youth empowerment, especially of the youth in the Global South.

Brigitte Perenyi is a documentary story gatherer, producer & advocate with special focus on ethical storytelling. She works with development, INGOs, nonprofits and humanitarian organisations, news agents, storytellers and communications’ team to co-create more equitable media collection with ethical considerations. Currently, she serves as the storytelling manager at Reform Initiative. Perenyi strongly believes participatory and collaborative storytelling can change how we view and relate to our world. She engages with people in communities to find the stories that will not only give them agency and ownership but that will also support the transformation of their communities and create sustainability and prosperity; the goal of the organisations. She has produced & directed stories from the most challenging environments in over ten countries across Africa, and England for media outlets, corporations and organisations including BBC, World Bank, Open Society Foundation, Connected Development, and Conciliation Resources, to name a few. Brigitte was listed in 100 Women BBC 2018.

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In the first episode of the third season of the Future Perfect-Futur Antérieur podcast, Professor Joshua Castellino, the Co-Executive Director of Minority Rights Group International and Professor of International & Comparative Law at University of Derby, UK, discusses how marginalized racial groups, particularly in Africa, bear the heaviest burden of the global ecological crisis. This episode examines the colonial roots of the climate crisis, emphasizing that European colonialism established extractive systems that treat nature as a commodity, driving both wealth inequality and environmental destruction. He critiques current environmental policies, particularly those that prioritize corporate profit at the expense of vulnerable communities and ecosystems. He stresses that indigenous peoples should not bear the primary responsibility for solving a crisis they did not create. Instead, responsibility should fall on major polluters like corporations and industrialized nations. He also warns against "green colonialism," where conservation efforts further displace indigenous communities under the guise of environmental protection.

Joshua Castellino is Co-Executive Director of Minority Rights Group International and Professor of International & Comparative Law at University of Derby, UK. He founded the School of Law at Middlesex and served as its Dean until 2018, stepping down to take on the role at Minority Rights Group full-time while retaining his Chair until 2022. Joshua holds Visiting Professorships at the College of Europe, (Poland), Oxford University (UK), & the Irish Centre for Human Rights, (Republic of Ireland) and serves pro bono on governing boards of civil society organizations in Germany, Netherlands, UK, Sweden, Uganda and Hungary. He is the current Chair of the Board of Trustees of Privacy International UK and Door Tenant at 25 Bedford Row.

Born and raised in Mumbai, India, Joshua worked as a journalist for Indian Express Newspapers Group in the 1990s, before winning a Chevening Scholarship and completing his PhD in International Law in 1998. He has published ten books (one forthcoming in 2025) and over a hundred articles on international law & human rights over twenty-five years in academia, including the Minority Rights Series (Oxford University Press). His latest book is titled Calibrating Colonial Crime: Reparations & the Crime of Unjust Enrichment.

Joshua participated in the European Union China Diplomatic & Expert Dialogue on Human Rights (2002-2006) and was appointed Chair, by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights of the 8th Forum on Minority Issues (2015), an inter-governmental dialogue with civil society under the auspices of the United Nations Human Rights Council.

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Dans cet épisode de Future Perfect | Futur Antérieur, Juliette Nijimbere, militante de longue date pour les droits humains, les droits de la femme et la lutte contre le racisme en Belgique, nous parle du déroulement et des résultats de la commission parlementaire belge sur le passé colonial du pays. Première en son genre, la commission chargée d'examiner le passé colonial de la Belgique au Congo, au Burundi et au Rwanda a été créée en juillet 2020, à la suite des manifestations Black Lives Matter. Juliette décrit les espoirs qui ont accompagné l'annonce du lancement de la commission, mais aussi les nombreux problèmes qui ont rapidement suivi dans sa mise en œuvre et qui ont peut-être présagé son échec. Elle nous parle notamment de consultations insuffisantes des populations concernées, tant en Belgique que dans les trois pays africains. Partageant sa vision de l'avenir avec nous, Juliette explique comment, malgré la déception de cette commission, elle reste engagée dans la lutte pour la reconnaissance des crimes du colonialisme et de leurs conséquences, ainsi que dans son combat pour la justice raciale et les réparations.

Juliette Nijimbere est Administratrice Déléguée à la Gestion Journalière dans l'ASBL Ibirezi vy'Uburundi, association qui gère l'accueil, l'accompagnement et l'encadrement des migrants (Réfugiés ou demandeurs d'asile) par le biais de l'interculturalité, l'insertion socio-professionnelle, et le mentorat. Connaissant le contexte et les réalités du Nord comme du Sud pour y avoir vécu et travaillé, elle contribue activement à la lutte contre la pauvreté, les inégalités sociales, l'éducation pour tous et de qualité, la bonne santé pour tous, les droits humains et en particulier ceux des femmes et des enfants. D'où son engagement au sein d’organisations telles que Kira-Ukize, le Collectif des femmes pour la paix et la démocratie au Burundi, le MOC Brabant Wallon, et les Mutualités Chrétiennes du Brabant Wallon, où elle a exercé des rôles tels que Membre fondateur, Vice-Présidente, et Membre de l'Assemblée Générale. Juliette Nijimbere est membre de CaCoBuRwa, le Collectif des associations congolaises, burundaises, et rwandaises de Belgique.

Lien vers les recommandations de la commission (novembre 2022, 24 pages; français, flamand)

Lien vers les constats des experts de la commission (novembre 2022, 114 pages; français, flamand)

Lien vers le rapport des experts de la commission (octobre 2021, 689 pages; français, flamand)

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In this episode of Future Perfect | Futur Antérieur, we have the honor of welcoming two eminent scholars of Haiti, Professors Jean Casimir and Michel DeGraff, who speak with us about the legacies of colonialism in Haiti and the ongoing fight for justice and repair for the island. Prof. Casimir discusses the place and role of the Haitian state in demands for reparations from France, as well as what solidarity with other movements for historical justice across Africa and its diasporas might look like. Analyzing educational policies and practices in Haiti, Prof. DeGraff explains how colonial violence continues to play out in Haiti today in the enduring denigration of kreyòl, one of the country’s two official languages and the only one that is spoken by the entire population, in favor of French, the other official language (spoken by the formally educated and the elite). The needed reparations and restitution for colonial crimes, our guests show, are monetary but also, importantly, cultural.

Michel DeGraff is Professor of Linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), co-founder and co-director of the MIT-Haiti Initiative, founding member of Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen, fellow of the Linguistic Society of America. DeGraff is also an African Futures Lab Fellow. His research contributes to an egalitarian approach to Creole, Indigenous and other non-colonial languages and their speakers, as in his native Haiti. Anchored in a broader agenda for human rights and social justice, his writings also engage intellectual history and critical race theory, especially the links between power-knowledge hierarchies and the hegemonic (mis)representations of non-colonial languages and their speakers in the Global South and beyond. Platfòm MIT-Ayiti, one of DeGraff's initiatives, sets up a model for other oppressed communities to constructively enlist their native languages as tools for quality education and for inclusion in all other spheres where knowledge and power are created and transmitted. More details at: https://mit-ayiti.net/, http://facebook.com/mithaiti, http://twitter.com/mithaiti, http://instagram.com/mithaiti, https://www.tiktok.com/@mithaiti.

Jean Casimir is a sociologist and Professor of Humanities at the Université d’État d’Haïti (UEH). He has taught at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) in Mexico, at Stanford University and Duke University in the United States, as well as at the University of the West Indies, Mona in Jamaica. He served as a UN officer for the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean between 1975 and 1988 and as Ambassador of Haiti to the United States and the Organization of American States between 1991 and 1997. Prof. Casimir is the author of several books, including La Culture Opprimée (1981), Haïti et ses élites, l’interminable dialogue de sourds (2009), and La Caraïbe, une et divisible (1991). His most recent book is The Haitians: A Decolonial History (2020), winner of the Caribbean Philosophical Association's 2

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Dans cet épisode de Future Perfect | Futur Antérieur, Malcom Ferdinand, politiste et ingénieur en sciences environnementales martiniquais, revient sur le scandale sanitaire du chlordécone dans les territoires français d'outre-mer de la Martinique et de la Guadeloupe. Entre 1972 et 1993, le chlordécone, produit chimique hautement toxique, a été utilisé dans les bananeraies de Martinique et de Guadeloupe, alors que des études avaient déjà établi son caractère cancérigène et le développement de troubles neurologiques graves aux États-Unis. Aujourd'hui, 90 % de la population de la Martinique et de la Guadeloupe ont des traces de chlordécone dans leurs corps et ces territoires ont des taux de cancer de la prostate parmi les plus élevés au monde (et 2 à 3 fois plus élevés qu'en France métropolitaine). Néanmoins, la justice française a prononcé en janvier 2023 un “non-lieu" en réponse à la plainte déposée par des activistes martiniquai.e.s et guadeloupéen.e.s en vue d'obtenir réparation pour les dommages causés par l'utilisation du chlordécone aux écosystèmes et aux corps antillais. Leur plainte ne donnera donc pas lieu à un procès.

Pendant notre échange, Malcom revient sur l'utilisation et la production de chlordécone par les propriétaires des bananeraies en Martinique et en Guadeloupe, l'inaction de l'État français, la récente décision de justice, et l'impact sur les corps et les moyens de subsistance des Antillais. Il explique comment ces événements s'inscrivent dans la continuité du passé esclavagiste de la France, et comment la violence coloniale se perpétue dans les réponses de l'État français et des tribunaux à ce scandale sanitaire aux Antilles. En se tournant vers l'avenir, Malcom considère les questions suivantes : Comment vivre avec une telle toxicité ? Lorsque les écosystèmes sont empoisonnés pour des décennies, voire des siècles, quels avenirs peut-on imaginer ? À quoi ressemble la poursuite de la justice ?

Bio
Malcom Ferdinand est docteur en science politique de l’Université Paris Diderot et chercheur au Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (IRISSO). Situées au croisement de la philosophie politique, des théories postcoloniales et de l’écologie politique, ses recherches portent sur l’Atlantique Noir et principalement la Caraïbe. Il explore les articulations et intersections entre les questions politiques, l’histoire coloniale et les enjeux d’une préservation écologique du monde. Malcom Ferdinand est auteur d'articles scientifiques ainsi que de l’ouvrage Une écologie décoloniale. Penser l'écologie depuis le monde caribéen, publié au Seuil en 2019, dont la traduction anglaise a été publiée en 2021 sous le titre de: A Decolonial Ecology: Thinking from the Caribbean World, avec une préface de Angela Davis.

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In this episode of Future Perfect | Futur Antérieur, Jephta Nguherimo, founder of the OvaHerero People’s Memorial and Reconstruction Foundation, speaks to us about the legacies of Germany’s genocide of the ovaHerero and Nama people in 1904-1908. It is not common knowledge that Germany’s first concentration camps were in Namibia; the camps were among the tools of genocide employed by the German colonial state. Describing how the genocide’s impact endures in Namibia’s landscape, in bodies, in families, as well as in the country’s economic conditions, Jephta discusses Herero activists’ fight for recognition and repair from Germany. He draws attention to the important shortcomings of Germany’s 2021 apology and the agreement between the German and Namibian states for a 1.1 billion euro development aid package. As he shines a light on the difference between reparations and economic aid and argues for what true reparations should entail, Jephta speaks to the link between strengthening African states and pursuing reparations for colonial crimes, as well as the role that civil society must play in this process. Throughout our conversation, Jephta reminds us that the goal of reparation is the restoration of the dignity of African peoples.

Bio
Jephta U Nguherimo is a lifelong activist, poet and a former professional labor negotiator of Herero-descent based in the US. He is the founding member of the OvaHerero People’s Memorial and Reconstruction Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the struggle of restorative justice for the OvaHerero people. Jephta was among the organizers of the exchanges that eventually forced the German government to confront and acknowledge Germany’s genocide of the ovaHerero and Nama people of 1904-08. He has led conversations and presented talks on restorative justice and memory culture at various international conferences, including the Reparations and Racial Healing Summit in Accra (2022) and the 1st Session of the UN’s Permanent Forum of People of African Descent in Geneva (2022). As a writer and poet, Jephta has also published several articles on the struggle for recognition in the Namibian and German press. He is the author of a book of poetry titled unBuried-unMarked: The Untold Namibian Story of the Victims of German Genocide between 1904–1908 and he was featured in a documentary by Al Jazeera titled “Namibia: The Price of genocide” (2021). Jephta holds a B.S. in Philosophy and International Political Economy from the University of Rochester, NY, and an M.S. in Labor Studies from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. An accomplished labor negotiator, he worked as a union representative and recently retired from the Maryland State Education Association.

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