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Geschichte Chinas Basiswissen - Damals bis heute
Ereignisse, Personen, Zusammenhänge
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Narrated by:
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René Wagner
About this listen
Chinas viertausendjährige Geschichte ist reich an Kultur, Wissenschaft und Philosophie. Die älteste der großen Weltzivilisationen brachte schon früh eine eigene Schrift hervor. Seit 2000 v. Chr. wurde China von bedeutenden Dynastien regiert, vergleichbar mit europäischen Königshäusern. Die Epoche der großen Dynastien endete 1912 mit der Abdankung des letzten chinesischen Kaisers.
Im Jahre 1842 erlangte Großbritannien nach den „Opiumkriegen“ die Kontrolle über Hongkong und die imperialen Großmächte Europas beuteten die Region gezielt aus. China erlebte ein schweres 19. Jahrhundert, welches als Trauma in die chinesische Geschichte einging.
Der republikanische Revolutionsführer Sun Yat-sen gründete die „Chinesische Nationalistische Volkspartei“, genannt „Kuomintang“, und forderte Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts Reformen. Nach seinem Tod folgte Chiang Kai-shek. Zwischen der republikanischen „Kuomintang“ und den chinesischen Kommunisten brach ein Bürgerkrieg um die Vorherrschaft in China aus.
Als Mao Zedong an die Spitze der „Kommunistischen Partei Chinas“ kam, führte er auf dem berühmten Langen Marsch in den Jahren 1935 und 1936 die Kommunisten in ein Gebiet Chinas, in dem sie sich reorganisierten. Chiang Kai-shek und seine „Kuomintang“ wurden aus China auf die Insel Taiwan vertrieben.
Mao Zedong gründete nach Vorbild der Sowjetunion am 1. Oktober 1949 die Volksrepublik China. Als „Großer Sprung nach vorn“ begann Mao im Jahre 1958 Wirtschaftsreformen, die jedoch zu schrecklichen Hungersnöten führten. 1966 kam es zur „Kulturrevolution“, während der Maos jugendliche Anhänger brutal gegen vermeintliche Kritiker der Partei vorgingen.
Als Mao im Jahre 1976 starb, öffnete sein politischer Nachfolger Deng Xiaoping das Land erstmals für ausländische Investoren. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten betrieb die „Kommunistische Partei Chinas“ eine wachstumsorientierte Wirtschaftspolitik. Es gelang der Volksrepublik ein enormer wirtschaftlicher Aufschwung. Heute gilt China als einflussreiche Weltmacht und ist als zweitgrößte Volkswirtschaft der Erde nach den USA für viele Nationen ein wichtiger Handelspartner. Das chinesische Militär gehört weltweit zu den Armeen, die am besten ausgestattet, ausgebildet und finanziert sind.
Als Generalsekretär der „Kommunistischen Partei Chinas“ ist seit 2013 Xi Jinping Staatspräsident der Volksrepublik China. Nach wie vor geht die Regierung hart gegen Kritiker sowie ethnische und religiöse Minderheiten vor und lässt die Bevölkerung umfassend elektronisch überwachen. Mit seinen 1,4 Milliarden Einwohnern ist China das bevölkerungsreichste Land der Erde.
Trotz aller internationaler Kritik wird China auch in den kommenden Jahrzehnten eines der bedeutendsten Länder weltweit bleiben. Themen wie Umweltschutz, technische Innovationen aber auch Menschenrechte, Zensur oder Datenschutz lassen sich längst nicht mehr ohne Chinas Mitwirkung denken.
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