
TEORÍA DEL CAPITAL
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CONCEPTO Y NATURALEZA DEL CAPITAL
VALOR Y PRECIO
INTERÉS
«Böhm-Bawerk creó un poderoso sistema de teoría económica y luego lo defendió con éxito contra todos los competidores» -Murray Rothbard
«Böhm-Bawerk es el mejor economista de la escuela austriaca y cualquier economista que se precie debe leer este libro» -Jesus Huerta de Soto
Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (Brno, 12 de febrero de 1851 - Viena, 27 de agosto de 1914) fue un economista y político austrohúngaro que contribuyó de forma destacada al desarrollo de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía. Se desempeñó intermitentemente como Ministro de Finanzas de Austria entre 1895 y 1904. También escribió una serie de extensas críticas al marxismo. Eugen, bajo control del imperio austro-húngaro, el 12 de febrero de 1851 de familia aristocrática de funcionarios públicos. Cuando finalizó sus estudios de derecho en la Universidad de Viena, siguió la tradición familiar y se integró al servicio del gobierno, en el Ministerio austriaco de Finanzas. Posteriormente tomó las riendas como Ministro de Finanzas de Austria en 1895 y luego entre 1900 y 1904.
En el primer volumen sobre la teoría del interés (1885), Bawerk examina y critica toda la historia de las teorías que intentan explicar el tipo de interés positivo. En el segundo volumen (1889), "Teoría positiva", da su propia explicación. Entendemos mejor su teoría como una teoría del equilibrio general del estado estacionario; y fue, por supuesto, esa teoría la que Schumpeter intentó reemplazar en su "Teoría del desarrollo económico" (1911). Bawerk escribe (1889): "Por regla general, los bienes disponibles ahora tienen un valor subjetivo más alto que los bienes futuros del mismo tipo y cantidad. Y, dado que el resultado de las valoraciones subjetivas determina el valor de cambio objetivo, los bienes presentes, como Por regla general, tienen un valor de cambio y un precio más altos que los bienes futuros del mismo tipo y cantidad". Este tipo de razonamiento era nuevo en ese momento y era una extensión de la teoría del valor subjetivo de Carl Menger a un cálculo intertemporal.
Böhm-Bawerk construyó su carrera académica en torno a los objetivos de comprender la relación entre capital e interés y extender la teoría del valor al contexto de la asignación intertemporal. Sostuvo que la economía era notoria por su falta de atención al capital en el sentido de una estructura intertemporal de bienes intermedios. La producción requiere tiempo, y el tiempo que separa la formulación de planes de producción multiperíodos y la satisfacción de las demandas de los consumidores está cubierto por el capital. Si se mencionan en los textos de economía, estos aspectos de la realidad económica se presentan como "las cuestiones espinosas del capital", una frase reveladora que presagia un tratamiento desdeñoso de este área temática crítica. Böhm-Bawerk abordó la cuestión central que fue muy discutida por sus contemporáneos y predecesores: ¿Existe alguna justificación para el pago de intereses a los propietarios del capital?
Desmontando el Marxismo
Böhm-Bawerk hizo dos contribuciones importantes para refutar el marxismo: sus extensas críticas a las teorías económicas de Karl Marx en las décadas de 1880 y 1890, y su examen de la teoría del valor trabajo de Marx. El elemento más significativo de su devastadora crítica de la teoría de la explotación, tal como la abrazaron Karl Marx y sus precursores, es el siguiente: Los capitalistas no explotan a los trabajadores; acomodan a los trabajadores, proporcionándoles ingresos mucho antes que los ingresos provenientes de la producción que ayudaron a producir (Böhm-Bawerk 1949).
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