PSA, a protein produced by cells in the prostate gland. While elevated PSA levels can indicate potential issues such as prostate cancer, it's important to understand that a single abnormal result does not automatically signify cancer. PSA testing is just one component of prostate health assessment and should be interpreted alongside other factors such as age, medical history, and digital rectal examination (DRE). Additionally, the rate of change in PSA levels over time (PSA velocity) and the ratio of PSA to prostate size (PSA density) are considered in determining the risk of prostate cancer. Despite its limitations, including the potential for false positives and negatives, PSA testing remains a valuable tool for early detection and management of prostate conditions when used judiciously and in consultation with healthcare providers. However, it's essential to recognize the controversies surrounding PSA testing, particularly regarding its impact on overdiagnosis and overtreatment of prostate cancer. While PSA screening can detect cancers at an earlier stage, it may also identify slow-growing tumors that may never cause symptoms or harm during a man's lifetime. This dilemma raises concerns about unnecessary treatments and their associated risks, such as urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Consequently, healthcare providers emphasize the importance of shared decision-making between patients and clinicians when considering PSA testing, taking into account individual risk factors, preferences, and potential benefits and harms. *The information provided on the site is for educational purposes only, and does not substitute for professional medical advice. Consult a medical professional or healthcare provider if you are seeking medical advice, diagnoses, or treatment.