Drs Vallerie McLaughlin and Paul Forfia discuss the diagnosis of PAH. What are the causes and why does it take so long?

Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape.com (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/968546). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertiser. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.

Resources

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303098-overview

The 'Great Wait' for Diagnosis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/resp.13814

Systemic Consequences of Pulmonary Hypertension and Right-Sided Heart Failure https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022362

Management of Coronary Artery Disease and Chronic Stable Angina https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/881468

What Is Myocardial Ischemia? https://www.medscape.com/answers/352401-192899/what-is-myocardial-ischemia

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview

Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500057-overview

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Connective Tissue Disorders: Pathophysiology and Treatment https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405825

Scleroderma https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331864-overview

Pulmonary Hypertension Phenotypes in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis https://err.ersjournals.com/content/30/161/210053.long

Mixed Connective-Tissue Disease (MCTD) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335815-overview

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332244-overview

Sjogren Syndrome https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332125-overview

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Patients Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0733865121000679?via%3Dihub

Portal Hypertension https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182098-overview

Liver Abnormalities in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544777/

Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0733865121000692?via%3Dihub

Atrial Septal Defect https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-overview

Anorexigens and Pulmonary Hypertension in the United States https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(15)32749-5

Methamphetamine and the Risk of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6880795/

Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Comprehensive Evaluation and Technical Considerations https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348437/pdf/jcm-10-03229.pdf

Echocardiography https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1820912-overview

Echocardiography Can Identify Patients With Increased Pulmonary Vascular Resistance by Assessing Pressure Reflection in the Pulmonary Circulation https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circimaging.109.913467

Pulmonary Resistance https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/189/pulmonary-resistance

Right Heart Adaptation to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Physiology and Pathobiology https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713058701?via%3Dihub

RV Systolic Pressure (TR Jet) https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/200/rv-systolic-pressure-tr-jet

Modified Bernoulli Formula https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/150/modified-bernoulli-equation

Limitations and Strengths of Doppler/Echo Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure-Right Heart Catheterization Correlations: A Systematic Literature Review https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/echo.12594