The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate their knowledge or ability. It is most common in people with low ability, who mistakenly believe that they are wiser and more capable than they really are. This can lead to problems such as poor decision-making, failure to learn from mistakes, and conflict with others. It is crucial to be aware of this bias so that we can avoid its negative consequences.

Here are some specific examples of the Dunning-Kruger effect:

A student fails a test but believes they got a good grade because they "knew all the answers."

A person makes a lot of mistakes at work but believes they are doing a great job.

A politician makes promises that they cannot keep but believes that they are the best person to lead the country.

The Dunning-Kruger effect can be overcome by being open to feedback, learning from mistakes, and being willing to admit when we don't know something. It is also imperative to be critical of our own beliefs and to be open to the possibility that we might be wrong.

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2021 Study