Catalan inventor Narcís Monturiol fought for ideals like equality, freedom, and progress in the midst of a lot of social and political chaos in 19th-century upheavals in Spain and Catalonia. And then, he built submarines.

Research:

• "Submarines." Gale World History Online Collection, Gale, 2024. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/IBQSYB773138840/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=bf089d4e. Accessed 26 Aug. 2024.
• “Wonderful, If True.” The Perthshire Advertiser. 1/11/1866. https://www.newspapers.com/image/806335027/
• Burgoyne, Alan Hughes. “Submarine Navigation Past and Present.” London, G. Richards; New York, E. P. Dutton & co. 1903. https://archive.org/details/submarinenavigat0001burg/
• Dunn, Rob. “The Writer Who Built the World’s First Engine-Powered Submarine.” Smithsonian. 9/17/2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-writer-who-built-the-worlds-first-engine-powered-submarine-8718089/
• Holian, Thomas. “Monturiol: The Forgotten Submariner.” Undersea Warfare. Vol. 7, No.3. Spring 2005.
• Hunter, James W. III. “Reviewed Work(s): The Resurgam Submarine: A ′Project for Annoying the Enemy′ byPeter Holt.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology, Vol. 14, No. 3. December 2019. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45218707
• F. “A Submarine Vessel.” Liverpool Mercury. 3/17/1866. https://www.newspapers.com/image/393326069/
• Lloyd, Nick. “Exploring the Depths: The First Fully-Functional Submarine.” Metropolitan Barcelona. June 2012. https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/features/exploring-the-depths/
• Milkofsky, Brenda. “David Bushnell and his Revolutionary Submarine.” Connecticut History. https://connecticuthistory.org/david-bushnell-and-his-revolutionary-submarine/
• Puig-Pla, Carles and Antoni Roca-Rosell. “A Spanish Project for Submarine Navigation: Narcis Monturiol and the Struggle for Democracy.” Icon , 2003, Vol. 9 (2003). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23790674
• Puig-Pla, Carles and Antoni Roca-Rosell. “Narcís Monturiol (1819–1885), pioneer of submarine navigation.” Contributions to Science. Vol. 5, No. 2. 2009. DOI: 10.2436/20.7010.01.70.
• Stewart, Matthew. “Monturiol’s Dream: The Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the World.” London: Profile. 2004.

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