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Sources:

Anna Caprile and Gabija Leclerc, “Russia’s ‘Shadow Fleet’: Bringing the Threat to Light,” Briefing (European Parliament, November 2024 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/766242/EPRS_BRI(2024)766242_EN.pdf;

Eitvydas Bajarūnas, “Choking Russia’s Shadow Fleet in the Baltic,” CEPA, January 15, 2025, https://cepa.org/article/choking-russias-shadow-fleet-in-the-baltic/;

Elisabeth Braw, “The Threats Posed by the Global Shadow Fleet—and How to Stop It,” Atlantic Council (blog), December 6, 2024, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/the-threats-posed-by-the-global-shadow-fleet-and-how-to-stop-it/;

European Commission, “G7 Agrees Oil Price Cap: Reducing Russia’s Revenues, While Keeping Global Energy Markets Stable,” European Commission, December 2, 2022,, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/it/ip_22_7468;

Patrick Sorge and Alex Longley, “Germany Seizes Russian Oil Sitting on a Tanker in the Baltic Sea,” Bloomberg, March 21, 2025, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-21/germany-seizes-russian-oil-sitting-on-a-tanker-in-the-baltic-sea;

Rachel More and Friederike Heine, “Germany Seizes Tanker Belonging to Russian ‘Shadow Fleet’, Spiegel Reports,” Reuters, March 21, 2025, sec. Europe, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-confiscates-tanker-belonging-russian-shadow-fleet-spiegel-reports-2025-03-21/;

Robin Brooks and Ben Harris, “Where Did Russia’s Shadow Fleet Come from?,” Brookings, February 27, 2025, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/where-did-russias-shadow-fleet-come-from/;

Tess Joosse, “When Wrecks Become Reefs,” Smithsonian Ocean, January 2022, https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/when-wrecks-become-reefs;

US Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Intensifies Sanctions Against Russia by Targeting Russia’s Oil Production and Exports,” Press Release, January 10, 2025, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2777.

Music:

"Music for Manatees" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

"Super Power Cool Dude" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/