**Bones of the Upper Limb**

**Girdle (Cingulum)** - Connects limbs to axial skeleton.

**Free Limb (Extremitas Libera)** - Divided into three segments:

1. **Stylopodium** - Humerus.

2. **Zeugopodium** - Ulna, radius.

3. **Autopodium** - Carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges.

**Scapula (Shoulder Blade)**

- Flat, triangular bone.

- Surfaces: dorsalis, costalis.

- Borders: lateralis, medialis, superior.

- Angles: superior, lateralis, inferior.

- Spina scapulae divides dorsal surface into fossa supraspinata and fossa infraspinata. Fossa subscapularis.

- Notable features: acromion, processus coracoideus, cavitas glenoidalis, tuberculum supraglenoidale, tuberculum infraglenoidale.

**Clavicle (Collarbone)**

- Connects scapula to thorax.

- Features: corpus claviculae, extremitas sternalis, extremitas acromialis, impressio ligamenti costoclavicularis, tuberculum conoideum.

**Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)**

- Proximal: caput humeri, collum anatomicum, tuberculum majus, tuberculum minus.

- Shaft: tuberositas deltoidea, sulcus nervi radialis.

- Distal: condylus humeri (trochlea, capitulum), epicondylus medialis, epicondylus lateralis, fossa radialis, fossa coronoidea, fossa olecrani.

**Radius (Forearm Bone)**

- Proximal: caput radii, collum radii.

- Shaft: tuberositas radii, margo interosseus.

- Distal: processus styloideus, facies articularis carpalis, incisura ulnaris.

**Ulna (Elbow Bone)**

- Proximal: olecranon, incisura trochlearis, processus coronoideus.

- Shaft: margo interosseus, margo posterior.

- Distal: caput ulnae, processus styloideus, facies articularis capitis ulnaris.

**Bones of the Hand (Ossa Manus)**

- **Carpal Bones (Ossa Carpi)**: 8 wrist bones in two rows.

- Proximal: scaphoideum, lunatum, triquetrum, pisiforme.

- Distal: trapezium, trapezoideum, capitatum, hamatum.

- **Metacarpal Bones (Ossa Metacarpi)**: 5 metacarpal bones.

- **Phalanges**: Finger bones (proximal, middle, distal).

- **Sesamoid Bones (Ossa Sesamoidea)**: Embedded in tendons, notably in the thumb.

**Joints of the Upper Limb**

- **Sternoclavicular Joint (Articulatio Sternoclavicularis)**: Composite joint with an articular disc.

- **Acromioclavicular Joint (Articulatio Acromioclavicularis)**: Connects clavicle to acromion.

- **Glenohumeral Joint (Articulatio Glenohumeralis)**: Shoulder joint.

- **Elbow Joint (Articulatio Cubiti)**: Composite joint involving humerus, ulna, radius.

- **Distal Radioulnar Joint (Articulatio Radioulnaris Distalis)**: Between distal ends of radius and ulna.

- **Hand Joints (Articulationes Manus)**: Include wrist joints (radiocarpal, mediocarpal, intercarpal), carpometacarpal, intermetacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints.

**Arteries and Veins of the Upper Limb**

- **Subclavian Artery (A. Subclavia)**: Transverse Cervical Artery, Suprascapular Artery.

- **Axillary Artery (A. Axillaris)**: Branches include Circumflex Humeral Arteries, Brachial Artery, Deep Brachial Artery.

- **Forearm Arteries**: Radial Artery, Ulnar Artery -> Common Interosseous Artery -> Anterior and Posterior Interosseous Arteries.

- **Palmar Arches**: Superficial and Deep Palmar Arches connecting to metacarpal arteries.