
Black Wall Street
The History of the Greenwood District Before the Tulsa Race Riot
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Narrated by:
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Stephen Platt
About this listen
In the wake of the Civil War, African Americans attained freedom from chattel slavery, but continued to suffer discrimination - both legally in the form of Jim Crow laws and de facto in the continued perception among the vast majority of White Americans that African Americans were, at the very least, inferior and, at the most, a constant dangerous presence in their communities, who must be carefully controlled. In this way, Tulsa was no different than most cities in the region in the 1920s.
Overall, Tulsa in 1921 was considered a modern, vibrant city. What had fueled this remarkable growth was oil, specifically the discovery of the Glenn Pool oil field in 1905. Within five years, Tulsa had grown from a rural crossroads town in the former Indian Territory into a boom town with more than 10,000 citizens, and as word spread of the fortunes that could be made in Tulsa, people of all races poured into the city.
By 1920, the greater Tulsa area boasted a population of over 100,000. In turn, Tulsa’s residential neighborhoods were some of the most modern and stylish in the country, and the Tulsa Chamber of Commerce produced postcards and literature boasting of the virtues of life in their modern oil city. However, as a commission report about the Tulsa Riot later pointed out, “What the pamphlets and the picture postcards did not reveal was that, despite of its impressive new architecture and its increasingly urbane affectations, Tulsa was a deeply troubled town." As 1920 turned into 1921, the city would soon face a crossroads that, in the end, would change it forever. Tulsa was, in some ways, not one city, but two.
When they came to Tulsa, many Blacks settled in the Greenwood area and established a thriving commercial, cultural, and residential area. Of course, the segregation was forced on these residents, and while they had fled the worst conditions of the Jim Crow South in other areas, they were not able to escape it completely. But in one way, Tulsa was different for African Americans, as Black citizens of the city shared in the city’s wealth, albeit not as equally as their White neighbors.
The Greenwood district, a 36 square block section of northern Tulsa, was considered the wealthiest African American neighborhood in the country, called the “Black Wall Street” because of the large number of affluent and professional residents. In the 2001 final report of the Oklahoma Commission to study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, historians John Hope Franklin and Scott Ellsworth described the Greenwood area that would be all but destroyed in one of America’s most notorious riots: “In less than twenty-four hours, nearly all of Tulsa’s African American residential district - some forty square blocks in all - had been laid to waste..."
Tragically, the decades following the riot saw the memory of it recede into the background. The Tulsa Tribune did not recognize the riot in its “Fifteen Years Ago Today” or “Twenty-five Years Ago Today” features. In 1971, the Tulsa Chamber of Commerce decided to commemorate the riot, but when they read the materials gathered by Ed Wheeler about the riot, they refused to publish any of it, and the Tulsa papers also refused to run Wheeler’s story. He finally published an article in a Black magazine, Impact Magazine; but most of Tulsa’s White citizens never knew about it.
It would not be until recently that a true accounting of the riot and its damage have been conducted, and as the 100th anniversary of the massacre approaches in 2021, the city of Tulsa is still working to complete the historical record.
©2020 Charles River Editors (P)2020 Charles River EditorsListeners also enjoyed...
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Story
In 1921, Tulsa’s Greenwood District - known then as the nation’s “Black Wall Street” - was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. But on May 31 of that year, a white mob, inflamed by rumors that a young black man had attempted to rape a white teenage girl, invaded Greenwood. By the end of the following day, thousands of homes and businesses lay in ashes, and perhaps, as many as 300 people were dead.
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Exceptional and
- By Heath on 03-07-20
By: Randy Krehbiel
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Project MK-Ultra
- The History of the CIA’s Controversial Human Experimentation Program
- By: Charles River Editors
- Narrated by: Colin Fluxman
- Length: 1 hr and 31 mins
- Unabridged
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Since the early days of human warfare, which may date back to the Stone Age, combatants have sought to gain an advantage through the acquisition of secret information. With the growth of technology, a parallel advantage was sought through the application of numerous types of torture. In the 19th century, the concept of manipulation was added to military tactics, an attempt to influence the minds of assassins, double agents, and world leaders alike to act against their natures.
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Messi g with your mind
- By Ruth Valenzuela on 12-10-24
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Slave Narratives Mega Collection: 18 of the Most Moving & Telling Memoirs
- Twelve Years a Slave, Up From Slavery, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, The History of Mary Prince, The Life of an American Slave (Fifty Years in Chains), and more
- By: Solomon Northrup, Booker T. Washington, Frederick Douglass, and others
- Narrated by: Museum Audiobooks cast
- Length: 115 hrs and 8 mins
- Unabridged
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This collection contains: Twelve Years a Slave, Up from Slavery, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave, The Life of an American Slave (Fifty Years in Chains), The Experience of Rev. Thomas H. Jones, Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, a Native African and a Slave, From Log Cabin to the Pulpit, and many more.
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I wish it was authentic
- By Noni on 03-11-22
By: Solomon Northrup, and others
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The 1619 Project
- Born on the Water
- By: Nikole Hannah-Jones, Renée Watson
- Narrated by: Nikole Hannah-Jones
- Length: 23 mins
- Unabridged
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The 1619 Project’s lyrical picture book in verse, adapted for audio, chronicles the consequences of slavery and the history of Black resistance in the United States, thoughtfully rendered by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones and Newbery honor-winning author Renée Watson.
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Heartbreaking but not Broken
- By Jen on 01-26-22
By: Nikole Hannah-Jones, and others
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The 1619 Project
- A New Origin Story
- By: Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine, Caitlin Roper - editor, and others
- Narrated by: Nikole Hannah-Jones, Full Cast
- Length: 18 hrs and 57 mins
- Unabridged
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The New York Times Magazine’s award-winning “1619 Project” issue reframed our understanding of American history by placing slavery and its continuing legacy at the center of our national narrative. This new book substantially expands on that work, weaving together 18 essays that explore the legacy of slavery in present-day America with 36 poems and works of fiction that illuminate key moments of oppression, struggle, and resistance.
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Comprehensive and Cutting
- By Thomas Ray on 12-30-21
By: Nikole Hannah-Jones, and others
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The Willie Lynch Letter and the Making of a Slave
- By: Willie Lynch
- Narrated by: Ronald Eastwood
- Length: 23 mins
- Unabridged
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The Willie Lynch Letter and the Making of a Slave is a study of slave making. It describes the rationale and the results of Anglo Saxon's ideas and methods of insuring the master/slave relationship. The infamous Willie Lynch letter gives both African and Caucasian students and teachers some insight, concerning the brutal and inhumane psychology behind the African slave trade.
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Sancofa
- By colin on 10-25-15
By: Willie Lynch
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The Mis-Education of the Negro
- By: Carter Goodwin Woodson
- Narrated by: Carter Goodwin Woodson
- Length: 4 hrs and 31 mins
- Unabridged
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"The Mis-Education of the Negro" is a book originally published in 1933 by Dr. Carter G. Woodson. The thesis of Dr. Woodson's book is that blacks of his day were being culturally indoctrinated, rather than taught, in American schools. This conditioning, he claims, causes blacks to become dependent and to seek out inferior places in the greater society of which they are a part. He challenges his readers to become autodidacts and to "do for themselves", regardless of what they were taught.
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Good Book- Horribly Narrated
- By FreeSpirit_37 on 02-13-18
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Before the Mayflower
- A History of Black America
- By: Lerone Bennett
- Narrated by: John Ridle
- Length: 11 hrs and 43 mins
- Unabridged
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The black experience in America - starting from its origins in western Africa up to 1961 - is examined in this seminal study from a prominent African American figure. The entire historical timeline of African Americans is addressed, from the Colonial period through the civil rights upheavals of the late 1950s to 1961, the time of publication.
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Very informative, worth listening to thrice..
- By Alednam A Uonopk on 04-13-21
By: Lerone Bennett
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100 Amazing Facts About the Negro
- By: Henry Louis Gates Jr.
- Narrated by: Dominic Hoffman
- Length: 14 hrs and 28 mins
- Unabridged
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With élan and erudition - and with winning enthusiasm - Henry Louis Gates Jr. gives us a corrective yet loving homage to Rogers' work. Relying on the latest scholarship, Gates leads us on a romp through African, diasporic, and African American history in question-and-answer format. Among the 100 questions: Who were Africa's first ambassadors to Europe? Who was the first black president in North America? Did Lincoln really free the slaves? Who was history's wealthiest person? What percentage of white Americans have recent African ancestry?
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great book
- By Anthony Costello on 06-14-18
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The Mis-Education of the Negro
- By: Carter Goodwin Woodson
- Narrated by: Anthony Stewart
- Length: 3 hrs and 52 mins
- Unabridged
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Here is an unapologetic look into the factors that have caused so many Blacks to think and act in the negative way they do towards themselves and others. This timely body of work is from a man well versed in the American educational system, as well as educational systems throughout the world.
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A Classic and Unexpected Delight
- By Theo Horesh on 02-28-13
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Black AF History
- The Un-Whitewashed Story of America
- By: Michael Harriot
- Narrated by: Michael Harriot
- Length: 15 hrs and 42 mins
- Unabridged
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America’s backstory is a whitewashed mythology implanted in our collective memory. It should come as no surprise that the dominant narrative of American history is blighted with errors and oversights—after all, history books were written by white men with their perspectives at the forefront. It could even be said that the devaluation and erasure of the Black experience is as American as apple pie. In Black AF History, Michael Harriot presents a more accurate version of American history.
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LOVE It!
- By KMB on 09-29-23
By: Michael Harriot
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Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921
- The History of Black Wall Street, and Its Destruction in America's Worst and Most Controversial Racial Riot
- By: World Changing History
- Narrated by: Daniel Morrison
- Length: 1 hr and 18 mins
- Unabridged
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On the morning of June 1, 1921, a White mob numbering in the thousands marched across the railroad tracks dividing Black from White in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and obliterated a Black community then celebrated as one of America's most prosperous. Thirty-four square blocks of Tulsa's Greenwood community, known then as the Black Wall Street of America, were reduced to smoldering rubble.
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I heard about the Tulsa Race Massacre on PBS
- By Mark on 05-03-21
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Mansa Musa and Timbuktu: A Fascinating History from Beginning to End
- By: World Changing History
- Narrated by: Darseaux James
- Length: 1 hr and 41 mins
- Unabridged
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On the West coast of Africa there once, the Mali empire in its Golden Age was once bigger than the entirety of Western Europe put together, made possible by the efforts of one man Mansa Musa the Sultan of Mali. He was the richest man to have ever lived, worth 400 billion dollars in today's terms, his gold mines supplied the British Empire and the rest of the European Empires for 800 years, despite the dry desolate environment of Mali he founded the greatest center of learning in all of world Timbuktu, his great holy pilgrimage to Mecca was the greatest the world had seen.
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UNBELIEVABLE, BUT EXPECTED
- By Sgt Ryan E. Strickland on 06-18-21
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Black Wall Street Burning
- By: B. B. Kemp
- Narrated by: Valoneecia Tolbert
- Length: 6 hrs and 35 mins
- Unabridged
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In 1899, 10-year-old Olivia Truluck’s home in Missouri is torched by the Ku Klux Klan. Olivia and her family leave the Show-me state to settle in the Greenwood District, north of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Starting with the 1905 Tulsa oil boom, both Blacks and Whites prosper, but tragedy comes with World War I, followed by the 1918 influenza epidemic.
By: B. B. Kemp
Had everything except the failure by the insurance
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Foundational Knowledge for Racial Wealth Gap Fight
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Informative
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Short but informative
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I think every black person needs to hear this.
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young black veteran
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Surprised to Learn
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History lesson
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Very enlightening and educational!!
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Eye opening, Makes someone do further rese
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